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     MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 42b * [Part 2 of 3 parts]

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     V E R I C O M M / MindNet         "Quid veritas est?"

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Notes:



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Editor: Mike Coyle 



Contributing Editors: Walter Bowart

                      Alex Constantine

                      Martin Cannon



Assistant Editor: Rick Lawler



Research: Darrell Bross



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[Continued from part 1]



   The result of this rethinking has been the acceptance by many

scientists that intrinsic electromagnetic fields play a key role

in a wide range of biological functions, including embryogenesis,

bone repair, and information transfer and storage, particularly

in the central nervous system. I addition, many scientists and

researchers have speculated as the adverse effects of EM fields

on biological systems. Some recent work using the concepts of

chaos dynamics may have a major impact upon how one looks at

external systems interactions with biological systems. Scientists

have known for some time that chaotic behavior of systems exists

in physics and chemistry. More recently its mathematics on

nonlinear differential equations has been applied to biology.

   In simple terms, systems will behave "normally" over a wide

range of conditions then suddenly shift into a chaotic mode when

a single parameter (among many) moves through a critical value.

Thus a tiny change in one parameter can result in a drastic

alterations in the behavior of a system. Dr. Rapp of the Medical

College of Pennsylvania has suggested that epileptic behavior and

other convulsions may be the result of chaotic behavior within

the central nervous system. He cites theoretical evidence that

suggest that neural networks are capable of shifting into chaotic

behavior. Guerara and others have recently reported the onset of

chaotic behavior in chicken heart cells when stimulated by

electrical signals at specific frequencies and amplitudes. It has

also been shown that normal breathing takes place at certain

frequencies and amplitudes, but not at others. Animals forced to

breathe at certain unnatural frequencies develop severe

respiratory distress.

   This past year, Dr. Adey has evaluated a Soviet LIDA medical

instrument that has been claimed to induce sleep. The instrument

can produce pulsed sound, light heat, and electromagnetic energy.

The four modalities can be useful all together, singly, or of any

combination of the four. Soviet medical literature contains

claims that the use of the instrument will benefit "inorganically

caused neuropsychic and somatic disorders, such as neuroses,

insomnia and hypertension." Their concept of what is "inorganic"

is questionable and why they seem to relate to hypertension with

neuroses and psychoses is unknown.

   According to Dr. Adey's report, electromagnetic fields may

induce a slower rate of state transitions in cats. The

electromagnetic field alone was capable of prolonging particular

sleep states. The efficacy of the EM field alone to prolong a

sleep state was less than when combined with either visual or

auditory stimuli. The use of visual and auditory stimuli without

the electromagnetic field also shifted sleep patterns to deeper

levels, but did not alter rates of state transitions. Dr. Adey

felt that there may be a synergistic action between the

electromagnetic field and the rhythmic sensory stimuli to achieve

sustained states at one sleep level--a condition that was not

present when any single stimulus was delivered alone.

   The instrument used in the Soviet experiments was considered

to be of 1950s technology, using a self-excited oscillator and

vacuum tubes. The center frequency was 40 megahertz, but

harmonic and spurious radiations in excess of 1 gigahertz were

noted. The pulse duration was 0.3 seconds with a repetition rate

of 10 to 100 pulses per minute. Reports in the literature state

that many newer and more effective models have been developed.

   In a recent paper, Ubeda, Delgado, and others reported that

the pulse shape of a pulsed magnetic field has an influence upon

the development of chicken embryos. They reported that using

four different-shaped pulses resulted in differing effects on

the embryos. The first signal had a rise time of 100

microseconds with a declining plateau. The second signal was

basically a square wave with a rise time of 2 microseconds. The

third had a rise time of 42 microseconds with a secondary

modulation throughout the signal. The forth signal also had a

rise time of 42 microseconds without the superimposed modulation.

All pulses had a 500-microsecond duration and a repetition of

100 hertz. The results showed that some wave forms interfered

with embryogenesis while others did not. A windowing effect also

noted with the exposure intensities: some effects were noted at

low intensities but not at higher intensities.

   Windowing of both frequency and power amplitude have also been

reported by other investigators. The phenomenon was first

reported by Adey and his coworkers in the early seventies, but

until recently has not been widely accepted as an important

parameter. The specific wave form and windowing of both the

frequency and amplitude may have very specific biological targets

and effects. Bassett has reported that in his laboratory recent

studies have shown that the voltage wave form induced by a given

pulse appears characteristically different in various tissues and

organs. He goes on to state that it is possible to identify the

tissue type by an analysis of the frequency response pattern,

using fast Fourier transforms.

   Most scientists in the United States have discounted many of

the Soviet reports that exposure to the low levels of

electromagnetic radiation causes these types of biological

effects. Until recently many scientists believed both that

thermal heating was the only mechanism which could produce

biological effects at that levels reported in the Soviet and East

European literature could not induce a significant thermal burden

in the human body and thus could not produce any biological

effects. The second major reason for disbelief was the attempt by

early researchers to duplicate some of the Soviet research and

their failure to find similar results. Those failures to

replicate the Soviet work were the result of several factors,

which include the lack of sufficient details in Soviet reports as

to their exact protocols; like of similar equipment: use of

different frequencies: and use of higher power levels and finding

no effects, and so assuming--without checking--that lower levels

would also show no effects. And in some cases the reports were

not valid in the first place. Even in the Soviet literature one

finds many contradictions and so must read and evaluate it with a

critical eye.

   Current research in chaotic behavior has shown that the

alteration of only one parameter to a critical phase can induce

chaotic behavior with drastic outcomes. It is not too difficult

to envision that electromagnetic systems could interact with the

electrical signal in cardiac muscle. If the proper parameters

were utilized, several possible results could be produced. These

include auricular and ventricular fibrillation, or complete

asystole with a resultant fatal outcome.

   Past research has shown both altered behavior in animals and

altered electroencephalograms (EEG) in both humans and animals.

What these EEG changes mean in practical terms to humans at the

present time is difficult to say, since we still like a great

deal of knowledge and there is much controversy about what a

"normal" EEG means. It is currently impossible to understand and

to predict how an altered EEG can influence behavior and the

cognitive processes of an individual. Some current research

provides a few clues that altering brain waves can have a major

impact on a person's cognitive and overt behavior. In this

regard, some people have even speculated that electromagnetism

has already been used for this purpose.(17)

   Some recent theoretical research has looked at the classical

neuronal synapse and proposed that the size of the synaptic space

is so small that rather than a pure chemical event taking place,

it must be a quantum mechanical event. Classically it has been

assumed that an action potential transverses down the axion and

directly stimulates these vesicules to release their chemical

neurotransmitter, which then cross the synapse and trigger the

second neuron to fire its action potential. If it is true that

the event is quantum mechanical in nature then the following

events may be taking place rather than events envisioned in the

classical chemical concept. The action potential descends down

the axion and produces a bias across the synaptic junction, which

then induces electron tunneling in a reverse direction, which in

turn causes a conformational change in the vesicules. This

conformational change causes these vesicules to release their

neurotransmitter. The mechanism also involves leakage currents

from nearby neurons and perineuronal cells. The cells are

"talking" to each other so that the system is far more complex

than once thought. These quantum mechanical events being

statistical in nature and depending upon crosstalk from other

cells instead of a pure internal electrical conductance within

the single cell, infer that the complex system will be

susceptible to external nonlinear electromagnetic influences. The

disruption of neural pathways can lead to a multitude of effects.

With today's sophisticated weapon systems, one does not have to

totally disable individuals to render then inefficient for

combat. For example, if their timing is altered or their

cognitive processes are degraded these individuals may be unable

to operate their equipment (fly their aircraft, make the proper

decision with computer-operated systems, or successfully complete

related action).

   Because of the many parameters involved and the apparent

specificity of each parameter, one can tailor a specific

response. The ability to have this kind of flexibility provides

an enormous range of option to the user. It opens the door for

providing the appropriate response in warfare, be it conventional

or unconventional. There are still many unanswered questions

concerning this technology. To date, the vast majority of

research done in this country has focused on using single

frequency sources with standard parameters. No one has used

multiple frequencies during a single exposure, nor has anyone

tried to manipulate the parameters to produce biological effects.

Up to the present time the majority of scientists in the United

States have assumed that a "microwave is a microwave," and

research done at one frequency would be applicable to any

frequency in the same region. We now know that the experiment

must be frequency specific, but how specific? Does this change

for various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum? There are

unconfirmed reports that a change of .01 hertz can make a

difference. Most scientist still do not believe that this small a

change in frequency will make a difference. Yet, Rapp has shown

that a frequency-encoded signal can act as a trigger for the

release of amylase from the salivary glands of the blowfly

(Calliphora exythocephalla). The variation in the frequency that

modified the release of the enzyme was from 0.00 hertz to 0.056

hertz. In this study the stimulus was the chemical

5-hydroxytryptaime. What is of particular interest is that the

original chemical interaction was converted to a digital

frequency oscillation. The general reaction was analog to digital

and back to analog. A fundamental question is, could the same

response be obtained by bypassing the initial chemical (analog)

input and stimulate the cell directly with and electromagnetic

signal at these same frequencies. The results of this experiment

certainly indicate that a narrow specific frequency may be

required to obtain specific results.

   Contrary to the Soviets' materialistic approach to this area

and their utilization of electromagnetic radiation as an

explanation for all such events, it is doubtful that most such

events can be attributed to electromagnetic fields. Nevertheless,

the evidence does indicate that certain functions and

capabilities in the area can be enhanced with the proper use of

electromagnetic fields. But, again this area has received very

little attention. Certainly adequate research by competent

scientists has not been done.

   A large portion of this paper may read like Buck Rogers and

the twenty-first century. Many readers will say that some of the

ideas and concepts do not fit with their current concepts and

theories of physics and biology. This may be true in part, but

then most of the medical science I learned in medical school more

than 25 years ago is not valid today. Certainly the concepts in

this paper will not fit with classical physics. One is reminded

of the trite saying that the science fiction of today is the

scientific facts of tomorrow. I think this philosophy was

elegantly stated by Werner Eisenberg in a speech given in 1934.



  Now that we know all our journeying can only bring us back to

  our starting point, we realize that we are unable to reach full

  understanding no matter how far we travel. The infinity of the

  universe lies outside this path. In quite a similar way modern

  physics has shown that the structure of classical physics--as

  that of modern physics--is complete in itself. Classical

  physics extends just as far as the conceptions which forms

  its basis can be applied. But these conceptions already fail

  us when applied to the process of nuclear physics, and much

  more so in the case of all fields of science which are even

  further removed from classical physics. This is the hope of

  understanding all aspects of intellectual life on the

  principles of classical physics is no more justified than the

  hope of the traveler who believes that he will have obtained

  the answer to all problems once he has journeyed to the end

  of the world.



  Yet the misunderstanding, that the transformations in exact

  science have brought to light certain limits to the

  application of rational thinking, must be immediately be

  countered. A narrow field of application is given to certain

  ways of thought only, and not to rational thought in general.

  The discovery that the earth is not the world, but only a

  small and discrete part of the world, has enabled us to

  relegate to its proper position the illusory "end of the

  world" concept, and instead to map the whole surface of the

  earth accurately. In a similar way modern physics has purged

  classical physics of its arbitrary belief in its unlimited

  application. It has shown that some parts of our science, e.g.,

  mechanics, electricity, and quantum theory, present scientific

  systems complete in themselves, rational and capable of

  complete investigation. They state their respective natural

  laws, probably correctly, for all time. The essence of this

  statement is given by the phrase "completeness in itself"

  (Abgeschlossenheit). The most important new result of nuclear

  physics was the recognition of the possibility of applying

  quite different types of natural laws, without contradiction,

  to one and the same physical event. This is due to the fact

  that within a system of laws which are based on certain

  fundamental ideas only certain quite definite ways of asking

  questions make sense, and thus, that such a system is

  separated from others which allow different questions to be

  put. Thus, the transition in science from previously

  investigated fields of experience to new ones will never

  consist simply of the application of already known laws to

  these new fields. On the contrary, a really new field of

  experience will always lead to the crystallization of a

  new system of scientific concepts and laws. They will be no

  less capable of rational analysis than the old ones, but

  their nature will be fundamentally different. It is for

  this reason that modern physics adopt an attitude very

  different from classical physics toward all those fields

  not yet included into its investigations. Let us, for

  example, consider the problems concerned with the

  existence of living organisms. From the standpoint of modern

  physics, according to Bohr, we should expect the laws

  characteristic of these organisms to be separated from the

  purely physical laws in a rational and accurately

  comprehensive manner, just as, say quantum theory is

  separate from classical mechanics. A similar solution

  will, on a smaller scale, apply to the investigation into

  the properties of the atomic nucleus, which occupies the

  center of interest in contemporary physics. The edifice of

  exact science can hardly be looked upon as a consistent and

  coherent unit in the naive way we had hoped. Simply

  following the prescribed route from any given point will

  not lead to all other rooms of this building; for it

  consists of specific parts, and though each of these is

  connected to the others by many passageways and each may

  encompass some others or be encompassed by others,

  nevertheless each is a unit complete in itself. The advance

  from the parts already completed to the newly discovered,

  or newly erected, demands each time an intellectual jump,

  which cannot be achieved through the simple development of

  already existing knowledge.(19)



Notes



  1. _Final Report on Biotechnology Research Requirements for

Aeronautical Systems Through the Year 2000_, AFOSR-TR-82-0643,

vol. 1 and vol. 2, 30  July 1982.

  2. C.E. Durney, M.F. Iskander, H. Massoudi, S.J.Allen, and J.C.

Mitchell, _Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook_, 3d ed.,

SAM-TR-80-32, Brooks AFB, Texas (1980), 136.

  3. For detailed discussions of this research, see C.A.L.

Bassett, A.A. Pitla et al., "A Nonoperative Salvage of Surgically

Resistant Pseudarthroses and Nonunions by Pulsing Electromagnetic

Fields." _Clinical Orthopaedics_ 124 (1977), 128-43; C.A.L.

Bassett, N. Caulo et al., "Congenial 'Pseudarthroses' of the

Tibia--Treatment with Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields," Clinical

Orthopaedics 154 (1981), 136-49; C.A.L. Bassett, S.N. Mitchell et

al., "Treatment of Ununified Tibial Diaphyseal Fractures with

Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields," _Journal of Bone Joint Surgery

63:A (1981), 511-23; C.A.L. Bassett, S.N. Mitchell et al.,

"Pulsing Electromagnetic Field Treatment in Ununited Fractures

and Failed Arthroses," _Journal of American Medical Association_

247 (1982), 623-28; C.A.L. Bassett, "Biomedical Implications of

Pulsing Electromagnetic  Fields," _Surgical Rounds_ (January

1983), 22-31; J.S. Kort et al., "Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the

Tibia: Treatment with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields, The

International Experience," _Clinical Orthopaedics_ 165 (1982),

124-37; L. Sedal, P. Christel et al., "Resultants de le

stimulation par champ electromagnetique de la  consolidation des

psuedarthroses, apropos de 37 cas," _Review of Chiropractic

Orthopaedics_ 67 (1981), 11-23; W.J. Sharrard, M.L. Sutcliff et

al., "The Treatment of Fibrous Nonunion of Fractures by Pulsing

Electromagnetic Stimulation," _Journal of Bone Joint Surgery_

64:B (1982), 189-93; and M.L. Sutcliff and A.A.J. Goldberg, "The

Treatment of Congenital Psuedarthrosis of the Tibia with Pulsing

Electromagnetic Fields, A Survey of 52 Cases," _Clinical

Orthopaedics 166 (1982), 45-57.

  4. R. Goodman, C.A.L. Bassett, and A.S. Henderson, "Pulsing

Electromagnetic Fields Induce Cellular Transcription," _Science_

220 (17 June 1983): 1283-85.

  5. F. Kremer, C. Koschnitzke, L. Santo, P. Quick, and A.

Paglitsch, "The Nonthermal Effect of Millimeter Wave Radiation on

the Puffing of Giant Chromosomes," in H. Frohlich and F. Kremer,

eds., _Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems_ )Berlin:

Springer-Verlag, 1983).

  6. A.F. Lawrence and W.R. Adey, "Nonlinear Wave Mechanisms in

Interactions Between Excitable Tissue and Electromagnetic

Fields," _Neurological Research_ 4:1/2 (1982), 115-53.

  7. P.E. Rapp, A.I. Mees, and C.T. Sparrow, "Frequency Encoded

Biochemical Regulation Is More Accurate Than Amplitude Dependent

Control," _Theoretical Biology_ 90 (1981), 531-44.

  8. J.M.R. Delgado, J. Leal, J.L. Monteaguo, and M.G. Garcia,

"Embryological Changes Induced by Weak, Extremely Low Frequency

Electromagnetic Fields," _Journal of Anatomy_ 134 (1982), 533-51.

  9. Bassett, Pilla et al., "Treatment"; Bassett, Mitchell et

al., "Pulsing Electromagnetic Field Treatment"; and Bassett,

"Biomedical Implications."

  10. Kort et al., "Congenital Psuedarthroses."

  11. M.R. Guerara, L. Glass, and A. Shrier, "Phase Lacking,

Period- Doubling Bifurcations and Irregular Dynamics in

Periodically Stimulated Cardiac cells," _Science_ 214 (1981),

1350-53.

  12. Ibid.

  13. W.R. Adey, "Possible behavioral Effects Produced by Pulsed

RF  Fields from Soviet `LIDA' Medical Therapy Instrument,"

contact report N60921, NSWC, October 1983.

  14. A. Ubeda, J. Leal, M.A. Trillo, M.A. Jimanez, and J.M.R.

Delgado, "Pulse Shape of Magnetic Fields Influence Chick

Embryogensis," _Journal of Anatomy_, in press.

  15. W.R. Adey, "Tissue Interactions with Nonionizing

Electromagnetic Fields," _Physiology Review 61 (1981), 435-514;

S.M. Bawin, W.R. Adey , and I.M. Sabbot, "Ionic Factors in

Release of 45/Ca from Chicken  Cerebral Tissue in Electromagnetic

Fields," _Proceedings of National Academy of Science_ (USA) 75

(1978), 6314-18; S.M. Bawin, L.K. Kaczmarek, and W.R. Adey,

"Effects of Modulated VHF Fields on the Cerebral Nervous

System," _Annals of NY Academy of Science_ 247 (1975), 74-81;

C.S. Blackman, J.A. Elder, C.M. Weil, S.G. Beunane, D.C.

Eichinger, and D.E. Hause, "Induction of Calcium Ion Efflux from

Brain Tissue by Radiofrequency Radiation: Effects of Modulation

Frequency and Field Strength," _Radio Science_ 14 (1979), 93-98.

  16. Bassett, "Biomedical Implications."

  17. M. Ebon, _Psychio Warfare_ (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983),

118-20.

  18. Rapp, Mees, and Sparrow, "Frequency Encoded Biochemical

Regulation."

  19. Werner Eisenberg, speech to the first general session on

the  occasion of the general meeting of the Gesellschaft duetsher

Naturforscher and Aserzte, Hanover, 17 September 1934. Originally

published in Naturwissenshaften 1934, 22 Jabrg., Heft 40.



OTHER REFERENCES



  E. Aarholt, E.A. Flinn, and L.W. Smith, "Magnetic Fields Affect

the Lac  Operon System," _Physics, Medicine, and Biology_ 27

(1982), 606-10.

  W.R. Adey, "Models of Membranes of Cerebral Cells as Substrates

for Information Storage," _Biosystems_ 8 (1977), 163-78.

  S.M. Bawin, A.R. Sheppard, and W.R. Adey, "Possible Mechanism

of Weak Electromagnetic Field Complexing in Brain Tissues,"

_Bioelectrochemistry, Biogenetics_ 5 (1978), 67-76.

  G. Collaccio and A.A. Pilla, "Electromagnetic Modulatran of

Biological Processes: Chemical, Physical, and Biological

Correlates in the Ca- Uptake by Embyronal Chick Tibia _in

vitro_," _Biochemistry, Biogenetics_ 10 (1983), 120c.

  R.A. Luben, C.D. Cain, D.M. Rose, and W.R. Adey, "Effects of

Electromagnetic Stimuli on Bone and Bone Cells _in vitro_:

Inhibitions of Responses to Parathyroid Hormone by Low-Energy,

Low-Frequency Fields," _Proceedings of National Academy of

Science_ (USA) 79 (1982), 4180-84.

  L.A. Nortan, A. Shteyer, and G.A. Rohan, "Electromagnetic Field

Effects on DNA Synthesis in Bone Cells," _Journal of

Electrochemistry_ 127 (1980), 129c.

  A.A. Pilla, "The Rate of Modulation of Cell and Tissue Function

via Electrochemical Information Transfer," in R.O. Becker, ed.,

_Mechanism of Growth Control_ (Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas

Press, 1982), 211-36.



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